Devils Highway Discussion Essay Example for Free

Devils Highway Discussion Essay Borders of income separate the walkers and the men who set them up for this journey. The walkers were made hungry for the money they saw that men like Don Moi had, but it really was an unattainable goal. Also, the income gaps between the native Mexicans and American people was different. The Mexican people were much more poor which may cause the American people to look down at them. Another border is skin color. The white Americans often have better lives than the darker skinned Mexicans, which often contributes to the income border. Like the above answer, income borders are very restrictive. Another restrictive border is skin color, perhaps lineage, and where and how we live. The only way to bridge these borders would be to not judge and love people for the way they are. These borders are not need and we would probably be happier without them. I think the villain of the story is not Mendez, but rather Don Moi, as he is the one who set it all up. He did not provide the walkers with the supplies and the trustworthy guides that they needed. I don’t think Mendez should be defended for his actions, though, because he still chose to abandon innocent men and leave them to die. Border Patrol doesn’t want to get too sucked up in it or go too far in the desert because they too have families. The smugglers have the same strugglers that the walkers do, besides the fact that they actually know where they’re going. I don’t think I would illegally cross into America for food, I would probably just steal in Mexico, but then again, I don’t quite know what it is like to be starving in your own country. I feel that as a reader, the spirits are nothing but symbolical references, but to the men, they may actually see these spirits. The heat probably does something to their heads, or maybe they are so lost up in their prayers that they begin to see these figures. Maybe, as a walker, you can’t actually see the spirits, but you can feel them. â€Å"Aliens before they ever crossed the line† probably refers to the fact that most Mexicans are judged by Americans and thought to be insects or parasites that steal American jobs. They are unwelcome and badly thought of before they even cross the physical border. It’s the same situation, but in reverse. In the 1700 and 1800’s, Irish people were very unwelcome in the United States, as they were thought to steal jobs. However, once the Civil War rolled around, the United States wanted multitudes of Irish people to come over so they could fight in the war for the Americans who didn’t want to and could pay to get out of it. I think the author approached the issuefavoring the immigrants. He doesn’t examine how to undocumented entrants affect Border Patrol, the economy, or American families. I would make it easier to gain entry, but I would want everyone to go through little booths so the entrants could at least be documented. I think the solution would work because the immigrants would not be quite as scared to deal with the government because no one could be denied entry (unless they were a criminal). This may not work because criminals could sneak past the booths. The main problem that is explored in this book is the morality of Mexican people sneaking illegally into America to feed their starving families. This is also the main principle. Is it okay for Mexicans to sneak into America if they are just earning money to feed their families? I think illegal immigration is not necessarily â€Å"bad†, but it is still illegal. The evidence provided from the book says that these men are just immigrating to feed their families and try to get a better life. I agree with the evidence, but there is also the fact that this is not the reason that everyone comes to America. There is a reason it is illegal. I don’t think that Urrea specifically points to a bad guy, but it is somewhat implied that the bad guy is Don Moi for setting the men up for this. Another bad guy could also be Mendez because abandons the men in the desert. I think that if they guides had not left the men, perhaps more of them would have survived. It would also help to have more patrol men patrolling and searching for entrants. If the Mexican government was not such a wreck I doubt there would be so many immigrants. There is not enough food or well paying jobs in Mexico for everyone there, especially the poor people. The role of unemployment, underemployment, low working wages are the true forces driving the conflict. Too many are not educated because they don’t have enough money for education, which then means they can’t get a good job to support their family. If a job is attained, it is usually for a very small wage. It is a big circle of poverty. Urrea goes into great detail to describe each member so you feel closer to them and you are able to better understand their decisions. All of the men that chose to go wanted a better life, whether it is for themselves or for a loved one. These men all acted selflessly. If I were in their situation I would try harder to look for a job in Mexico, but if I could not find one, I suppose that I would do what they did. It costs the United States and Mexican government a lot of money to deal with these illegal entrants. However, neither one of them really do anything to try to stop it. I think that this was an isolated incident, but there could be more to come in the future. If I were the leader of Mexico, I would vow to fix the state of the country and make it so that people don’t have to immigrate to other countries to find work. If I were the president, I would want to tighten down on Border Patrol so this doesn’t happen again. I like the tone the author uses. I think it fits the message that the author is trying to relay to the audience about the story. The style was alright, it was a little hard to read. There were too many details packed into single sentences. The style made the book hard to read. In my personal opinion, there were too many facts, but I can see why they were necessary. I think the simple fact that these men migrated to make theirs and their family’s lives better is what impacted me the most. It really changed my view on illegal immigration. I now don’t feel quite as harshly about it; I think the immigration laws should be revised.

Quantitative Comparison of Learning Environment Effect

Quantitative Comparison of Learning Environment Effect CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the data analysis and interpretation also purpose of this study was to compare the learning of developmental mathematics course which received instruction in two different environments to determine whether mathematic online course enhanced their learning. Specifically, the study investigated whether there was a significant difference in mathematics online course as measured by the exam of students enrolled in mathematic classes receiving traditional instruction, with online instruction. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis with an alpha = .05 level of significance. 4.2 T-Test: Paired Two Samples for Means: Paired data tests engage taking exam score without online course and with online course students participate the mathematic course from the same large number (n=60) of object and operating a hypothesis test on the differences between the without online course and with online course samples. TABLE 1 student’s result 4.3 SPSS Annotated Output: The paired samples t-test is hypothesis test of the difference two groups means based on the means of two paired samples. Under this test, the two samples are compared in such a way, that the elements in one sample are matched or paired with the elements or paired with the other sample, thereby helping in doing a precise analysis in finding out whether any significant difference exists in the two series. In our analysis, under paired samples t-test, the two samples are: Exam score with online course Exam score without online course Thus, the paired sample t-test has been used to compare the means of the abovementioned two variables. As such, it helps in finding out if there is a statistically significant difference between the Exam score with online course at which trading took watched video on Moodle tool and the Exam score without online course. For the paired samples t-test, we state the null hypothesis that there is no significant mean difference between the two series and hence the two series do not statistically differ the alternate hypothesis is the two series differ from each other significantly. So, the hypothesis can be stated as follows: H0: m =0 H1: m ≠ 0 Where, mean is difference between the two series. The alternative is two-tailed at a signification level of 5% (ÃŽ ±=0.05). That this study used SPSS to conduct the paired samples t-test. The SPSS output is shown in this table which views that difference Exam score with online course and Exam score without online course is significant or not. In the Paired Samples Statistics Box, the mean for the WithoutOnlineCourse is 16. The mean for the WithOnlineCourse is 21.3667. The standard deviation for the WithoutOnlineCourse is 6.44874 and for the WithOnlineCourse, also 8.15997 . The number of participants in each condition (N) is 30. Paired Samples Test Box This is the next box as will views. It contains info about the paired samples t-test that the conducted. There will be most interested in the value that is in the final column of this table. Take a look at the Sig. (2-tailed) value. Correlation This is the correlation coefficient of the pair of variables indicated. This is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the two variables. The correlation coefficient can range from -1 to +1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation, +1 indicating a perfect positive correlation, and 0 indicating no correlation at all. (A variable correlated with itself will always have a correlation coefficient of 1.) You can think of the correlation coefficient as telling you the extent to which you can guess the value of one variable given a value of the other variable. The .160 is the numerical description of how tightly around the imaginary line the points lie. If the correlation was higher, the points would tend to be closer to the line; if it was smaller, they would tend to be further away from the line. Sig This is the p-value associated with the correlation. Here, correlation is significant at the .05 level. Std Error Mean Standard Error Mean is the estimated standard deviation of the sample mean. This value is estimated as the standard deviation of one sample divided by the square root of sample size: 9.55739/sqrt(30) = . 1.74493. This provides a measure of the variability of the sample mean. Sig (2-Tailed) value This value will tell us if the two condition Means are statistically different. Often times, this value will be referred to as the p value. In this example, the Sig (2-Tailed) value is 0.005. If the Sig (2-Tailed) value is greater than 0.05 It is means there is no statistically significant difference between two groups. it can conclude that the differences between condition Means are likely due to chance and not likely due to the IV manipulation. If the Sig (2-Tailed) value is less than or equal to .05. You can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between your two conditions. You can conclude that the differences between condition Means are not likely due to change and are probably due to the IV manipulation. What does the t-value and two-tailed P-value how do they compare to each other? Is this information significant enough to say that with online course came from the same family as without online course? A two-tailed P-value of 0.6, for example, would mean that there is a 0.6 (or 60%) chance that the two groups of score come from the same group. In other words, there is a 60% chance that the average score of the exam in each group is the same and would say that there is no significant difference between the ages of the two populations. The traditionally accepted P-value for something to be significant is P Larger t-values translate into smaller P-values. So the larger the t-value is the more likely the difference is significant. A critical t-value is the minimum t-value you need in order to have P 4.4 Testing Hypothesis: The results as reported in Table indicated there was statistically significant difference for method of instruction, p-value=0.005. Therefore, Null Hypothesis was rejected. There was a statistically significant difference in exam scores of without online course group and online course group mathematic courses, when adjusting for the effect of exam scores. Therefore was statistically significant difference in exam. 4.5 Finally With online course and without online course test scores of the group was compared. The average score in with online course was 21.3667, whereas the average score in the without online course was 16. This can be seen in figure 3. The P value two-tail test is used to control if the mean score of with online course and without online course tests are significantly different. Is the learning mathematic course with online course significantly better or worse? The P value is greater than t value which establishes that scores in with online course test are significantly different and higher than the scores in without online course test. This supports the premise that with online course Choices is effective instruction strategy to impart the importance of Hawler Institute of computer and concept of video technology. Therefor there was a statistically significant difference in exam scores, decidedly two methods The analysis of tests responses shows that the instruction methodology of imparting the concept of technical debt through with online course choices is effective. At the following figure 4.4 as shown rate of students participate with online course increased. Figure 7 online course CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION In view of the writing and the discoveries of the current study, a few conclusions can be drawn concerning developmental mathematics online course. The results of this study indicate that video technology can using for development mathematic online course. The mere presence of video online course does improve student learning mathematic lecture. Students have an interest in utilizing technology for a variety of purposes including academics. Online video course have the potential to be useful tools to improve learning. They provide educators the opportunity to create and record courses then upload on Moodle tool. Also give opportunity to student for participate mathematic course without missing lecture. SUMMARY Many students enter college without the mathematics skills and knowledge to successfully meet their educational and career goals (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2003b). Most colleges and universities offer developmental mathematics courses and other services to prepare these students for college-level mathematics courses. Developmental mathematics courses have been taught with the traditional lecture method used for years in most college-level courses (Armington, 2003; Kinney and Kinney, 2003; Maxwell, 1979; Miles, 2000; Roueche and Kirk, 1974). Educators are concerned about the low pass rates (Boylan, Bonham, and White, 1999; Trenholm, 2006; Waycaster, 2001; Wright, Wright, and Lamb, 2002) and are exploring alternative instructional approaches in order to increase the number of students who stay in school or institute, pass a class mathematic course, and graduate. Video mathematic online course make conceivable a variety of new showing methodologies, permitting students to have decisions about when, where, and how they learn math. The review of literature indicated a need for further studies on the impact of video record and uploaded on Moodle tool on the learning of developmental mathematics course. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the academic performance of students enrolled in a developmental mathematics course using traditional instruction with mathematic online course. Students’ mathematics course at the end of the course related to be exam at the Institute Hawler for Computer. Therefore, the exam, which measured mathematical performance with online course with without online course, was used as the Hypothesis in the analysis. T-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means adjusted the means of the exam paired groups. Null Hypothesis case there was significance difference in the mathematics lecture for developmental mathematics course using traditional lecture and video record and uploaded on Moodle then students participate with watched video online. The independent variable was method of instruction, and the dependent variable was the exam score. At the .05 level of significance, there was significant difference between the exam scores of students who completed a traditional developmental math course and watched video online course on Moodle tool. DISCUSSION LIMITATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: The following recommendations for further investigation were based on the findings of this study. To further validate the findings of this research, the study should be replicated with a larger sample and in other developmental subject courses. Also recommended add same technology for learning in the institute Hawler for computer. REFERENCES Surname: KHUDHUR Name: WSHYAR OMAR Place and Date of Birth: TaqTaq, Erbil Kurdistan Iraq /1ST July 1983. Gender: MALE Address: STATE IRAQ, ERBIL – GOVERNORATE, KOYA CITY Language: KURDISH, ENGLISH Marital Status: MARRIAGE E-mail: [emailprotected] Mobile Phone: +90 548 873 7683, +964 772 159 7828 B.Sc. Software Engineering, Koya University Erbil, Iraq

Internal Point Of View Role Harts Theory Philosophy Essay

Internal Point Of View Role Harts Theory Philosophy Essay Jurisprudential debate concerning the nature of law is often thought of as a long-running battle between two schools of thought the rival camps of natural law and legal positivism. The natural law tradition has always emphasised laws grounded ness in justice and the common good, while legal positivism had tended to emphasise laws basis in authority. Legal positivism emerged from the work of Jeremy Bentham and his disciple John Austin. John Austin famously claimed that the idea of sanctions is the key to the science of jurisprudence.  [1]  Thus, he held legal rules to be threats backed by sanctions and statements of legal obligations as predictions that the threatened sanctions will be carried out. Furthermore Hans Kelsen sought to explain legal rules and obligations in terms of norms, he understood these norms to be directives to courts requiring that sanctions be applied. Splitting the difference between Austin and Kelsen, Alf Ross conceived of legal rules as norms addressed to courts directing the use of sanctions and statements of legal validity as predictions that these norms will be followed. However, one of the two greatest twentieth-century (the other one is Hans Kelsen) exponents of the legal positivism was, without question, Hart. In his principal book The Concept of Law  [2]  , Hart describes the central thesis of legal positivism as the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.  [3]  Therefore the central claim of legal positivism is that law is separate and distinct from morality. However, Hart showed that sanction-centred accounts of every stripe ignored an essential feature of law. This feature he termed the internal point of view. Though the internal point of view is perhaps Harts greatest contribution to jurisprudential theory, this concept is also often and easily misunderstood. Seen from the internal point of view, the law is not simply sanction-threatening, directing, or -predicting, but rather obligation-imposing. Therefore, what, exactly, is the internal point of view? What role (or roles) does it play in Harts theory? Briefly the internal point of view is the practical attitude of rule-acceptance it does not imply that people who accept the rules accept their moral legitimacy, only that they are disposed to guide and evaluate conduct in accordance with the rules. The internal point of view plays four roles in Harts theory: (1) it specifies a particular type of motivation that someone may take towards to the law; (2) it constitutes one of the main existence conditions for social and legal rules; (3) it accounts for the intelligibility of legal practice and discourse; (4) it provides a naturalistically acceptable semantics for legal statements. At one point, Hart observes that the element of authority involved in law has always been one of the obstacles in the path of an easy explanation of what law is  [4]   Hart argues that the command theorists emphasised force as the main component of all law and have looked only on one side of the coin the external element of law which compels people to act out of fear. This may be the bad mans view of the law and Hart argues that it does not present a balanced picture. A positivist theory of law must offer an account of the nature of law-making authority. At the same time, positivists claim that the validity of a law does not entail an obligation to obey it. This means that the theory is quite independent of any theory about the basis of a moral obligation to obey the law. Bentham and Austin approached these problems by treating statements about sovereignty, rights and obligations as straight forward statements of observable social facts. Therefore in focusing only on the commands of a sovereign and the actions of officials in imposing sanctions, the command theorists have ignored the internal element which characterises all law. This is known as t he internal point of view which make people feel a sense of obligation to obey the law. There is a distinction between the two aspects of law, to be obliged that is to be forced to act in a certain way because of some threat, such as when an armed man orders a person to hand over money, and to be under an obligation that is to feel within oneself a sense of duty to act in a certain way without some external stimulus compelling such action. Hart also argues that the command theories explain law only in terms of the first notion, and that to this extent they are inadequate, because the law operates both in an external and an internal fashion to induce compliance. According to Stephen Perry, for example, [t]he general idea of the internal point of view is that an adequate jurisprudential account must at some point take into consideration how the practice looks to at least some of the practices participants, from the inside.  [5]  Likewise, Gerry Postema writes: The law, like other similar social practices, is constituted not only by intricate patterns of behavioural interactions, but also by the beliefs, activities, judgments and understandings of participants. The practice has an inside, the internal point of view of participants.  [6]   On this reading, Harts doctrine of the internal point of view is a methodological prescription which demands that legal theories resonate with the shared experiences of legal natives. Jurisprudence must take the point of view of the insider, and come in contrast with those theories that ignore the beliefs and attitudes of those who live under the law. Hart used the internal point of view to discredit sanction-centred theories of law, such as those proposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes and Hans Kelsen. Hart argued that these theories are myopic for they ignore or mask the range of attitudes that people typically have towards the law. The problem with bad man theories such as Holmes is that they assume that people are motivated to follow the law solely in order to avoid sanctions, rather than for the reason that rules require such behaviour. These theories, Hart says, define [the internal point] of view out of existence. The problem with Kelsens theory, he claims, is that it focuses exclusively on one technique that the law uses to motivate conduct to the exclusion of all others. The law not only directs officials to punish those who dont comply with the rules, but provides guidance for those who want to live up to their obligations. Holmes bad man is an insider himself, namely, one whose curiosity about the law is aroused solely by his aversion to sanctions. The problem with Holmes theory, rather, is that he privileges one type of insiders point of view over another. By focusing solely on the perspective of the bad man, sanction-centred theories define the other point of view, namely, the internal point of view, out of existence. What, then, is the internal point of view? As Hart used the term, the internal point of view refers to the practical attitude of rule-acceptance. Someone takes this attitude towards a social rule when they accept or endorse a convergent pattern of behaviour as a standard of conduct. Whereas the phrase the internal point of view is univocal it refers to a specific practical attitude. With respect to the practical point of view, there are two attitudes the insider can take towards the rules: acceptance and non-acceptance. Anyone who accepts the rules has, according to Hart, taken the internal point of view. Anyone who does not accept the rules, either because they are like the bad man and take the practical, but non-accepting, point of view, or because they are merely observing and hence dont take a practical stance at all, has taken the external point of view. Harts internal point of view, therefore, is the practical attitude of rule-acceptance. But what exactly does it mean to accept a social rule? Hart says that to accept a social rule is to regard a pattern of behaviour as a general standard to be followed by the group as a whole. It is to treat existence of the rule as a reason and justification for action, as the basis for claims, demands, admissions, criticisms or punishment, as establishing the legitimacy of these demands and criticisms. Hart is quite clear that one does not have to believe in the moral legitimacy of the law in order to accept its authority. Given that the internal point of view is not the moral point of view, what does Hart mean when he characterizes it as acceptance of a rule as a standard of conduct? When one takes the internal point of view towards a rule, one acts according to the dictates of the rule. Of course, there must be something more to the internal point of view, given that the bad man also conforms to the rules. The second way in which the internal point of view is expressed is through critical evaluation. Thus, participants who accept the rules criticize others, and perhaps even themselves, for failing to conform to the rules. Finally, the internal point of view is usually expressed by statements that use normative terminology such as ought, must, right, and wrong.22 Thus, if someone accepts the rule that men must bear their heads upon entering a church, this practical attitude might be expressed by statements of the form: You ought to take off your hat in Church or It was wrong of me not to take off my hat last Sunday. Hart calls these statements internal statements, because they normally express the internal. point of view.23 Hart contrasts these practical statements with theoretical statements that others accept a particular rule. For example, someone might say, Episcopalians accept a rule requiring men to take off their hats in Church. Hart calls these external statements because they usually express the external point of view.24 They are statements that a particular group accepts certain rules normally made by t hose who do not accept those rules themselves. Harts internal point of view must be understood as a commitment to act in all of the above ways. That is, one takes the internal point of view towards a rule when one intends to conform to the rule, criticizes others for failing to conform, does not to criticize others for criticizing and expresses ones criticism using evaluative language. At first impression Hart conception of law, as a symbiotic relationship between primary and secondary rules, and more importantly the internal aspect seems valid. Hart concept of the internal aspect distinguishes between social rules and social habits. A crucial distinguishing feature from a social habit and a social rule is that habit lack criticism from others in a group when the convergent behaviour is deviated from. Deviation from the convergent behaviour makes criticism and the rule legitimate, and often is manifested through normative language such as you ought to or you should do, a certain type of behaviour. The internal aspect and therefore rules is an important constituent for Hart conception of law, because essentially law is the union of primary and secondary rules. A primary rule imposes duties and prescribes how one must act by way of recognizing a general standard mode of behaviour. The secondary rules consist of the three important characteristics, which can be charac terized as sub rules, which give the concept of rules as law and obligations, but more importantly, law as a system of rules. First is the rule of recognition, which helps to determine whether a rule is indeed a rule, this is determined by the influx of criticism for deviation of the rule and the existence of social pressures to conform. The second, denoted as the rule of change, which allows for the creation of new primary rules or the change and modifications of old rules for the group to live by, these rules are also subject to procedural standards. The final characteristic is the rule of adjudication that determines whether or not a primary rule has been violated and prescribes the procedure the courts must follow to apply sanctions. Indeed the mosaic of the internal aspect, a primary and secondary rule as law is very attractive, for Hart is able to explain where Austin has failed. Primary rules are laws, because they are general and span over the territory in which the sovereign has authority, and secondary rules are a means to enforce and amend the laws. However Hart analysis

The Effect of Enviroment on Intelligence :: essays research papers

In the ongoing debate about which factor has more of an influence on human behavior and intelligence, certain methodologies have been used to determine this in several different studies. The genetic component is made up of additive and non-additive components. The environmental component is separated into the effects of a shared environment where both subjects used experience the same environment and a non-shared environment where the two subjects experience different environments. The studies that are used to determine the respective effects of genetics and environment are studies of how twins resemble each other, studies of adoption effects people compared to their relatives, and identification of genes. Twin studies use monozygotic twins who share 100% of their genes and dizygotic twins who are estimated to share 50% of their genes. Genetic identification tries to identify genes responsible for personality traits but is made difficult by the fact that many behaviors are caused by multiple genes. Intelligence or IQ has been studied extensively. It has been found that in childhood the correlation of IQ between twins is about .5. This correlation has also been found to increase with age. Similar results have been found in adoption studies indicating that environmental differences are not as much of a factor on IQ scores. In addition to IQ several other things have been studied to find out if their cause is in the environment or genetics. Personality has been studied using the Big five traits that are commonly used to test personality. Personality disorders have also been studied as well as occupational interests and beliefs and attitudes. For all of the heritability has been rated to be the majority of the cause. There has been a lot of effort invested in finding specific genes that cause people to be a certain way however they have not been very successful. Studies have been conducted to determine the effects of shared environment on twins. Since they are known to have the same genes differences can only be attributed to environment and it has been found that twins raised in different environments do not necessarily have more in common with regard to personality. However it has been found that shared environment does have an effect on cognitive ability and juvenile delinquency. While shared environment has not been shown to have a large effect non shared environmental factors have been shown to be a major source of variation.

Separation Or Cooperation :: essays research papers fc

Separation or Cooperation One ever feels his twoness, -an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideas in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. -W.E.B. Du Bois The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Black Churchmen both held out the great promise of rectifying injustices in America. The Declaration of Independence came in response to the tyranny of English rule. It trumpeted the lofty goals of equality for all men, an end to English rule, and the end to high taxes on colonists. The Declaration of Black Churchmen was drafted in response to the continued low socio-economic status of African American's after the demise of the Civil Rights Movement in the late nineteen-sixties. It has as its goals: integration, an end to the exploitative control of African Americans, and the more amorphous goal of an end to the institutional violence of White America. Even though both declarations sought an end to a particular kind of injustice, one failed and the other succeeded in bringing about its goals. My thesis is that the Black Churchmens' Declaration of Independence struggles to both setup an us-them and a we modus operandi. The Black C hurchmen's' declaration tries to cooperate with White America in order to win support for economic development in Black communities. The declaration also tries to vilify White America as a demonic force that for hundreds of years has destroyed the hopes of Black Americans. By oscillating between these opposite modes of thought the documents rhetorical power and tone changes significantly from the original Declaration of Independence. The fundamental structure of the original Declaration of Independence relies on an us-them dichotomy. England is classified as the them, and the colonists as the us. The grievances listed in the document create a clear delineation between colonists and colonized. The grievances also place blame squarely on England. They site the taxation policy, the lack of self government, the tyranny of England, and the abuse of the colonists: "The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations" (Jefferson 1) to justify their right to succeed. As the list of grievances goes on the us-them dichotomy becomes more pronounced until the document explicitly delineates as "us" and a "them", "They too have been deaf too the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce" (Jefferson 3).

Product Design Coursework

The aim of this report is to carry out a feasibility study for the development and the manufacture of a novel synthetic fibre to be used to make leisure clothing aimed at the spring and summer market, as asked by our board of directors. I will present a report addressing the project in terms of the Innovation Cycle for product development. This shall cover the definition and evaluation of the products, their form, market and manufacture in terms of the Product Innovation Major Steps, which include: Needs: What needs should the product fill? Ideas: What different products could satisfy these needs? Selection: What ideas are the most promising? Manufacture: How can we make the product in commercial quantities? Innovation Cycle: Product Innovation involves the introduction of a new good or service that is new or substantially improved from previous versions. Innovation is not just about new products, it is a whole new approach to business. The novel synthetic fibre that I will analyse is Nylon with main uses in clothing and footwear. Nylon is a commodity chemical as it is produced in high volumes and yields low profits and so it has a low added value. There is no large scale need for chemists and engineers in commodity chemicals. Needs: What needs should the product fill? The product should fill the customer's needs and to find the needs of the customer, we need to do market research and ask the customers directly what they require through questionnaires or interviews. This is known as primary research as answers are directly answered to the companies needs. Once loads of information has been collected, the customers needs have to be interpreted and taken into consideration. This information can then be used into product specifications and therefore products are produced depending on customer needs. For example, customer needs for the manufacture of Nylon to produce leisure clothing. Essential: o Light weight o Strong o Comfortable Desirable: o Wear resistance o Long lasting o Easy to wash o Easy to iron Useful: o Cheap Specifying a benchmark would be one of the final stages in the needs. The new developed product must meet up to standards with either existing products or an idealised product. If this is not the case then and the benchmark cannot be achieved or surpassed, then it is not worth developing the product. Ideas: What different products could satisfy these needs? The next step in the innovation cycle is to generate ideas. Most of the source of ideas comes from the: > Development team. These people research into the product into great detail and most of the ideas are generated by the developing team. > Customers. Questionnaires and interviews are analysed and a different view of ideas are produced. The interviews and questionnaires can be very important as the customers will be the ones who buy the products at the end and they may also be using similar or existing products. Although questionnaires can sometimes be unreliable if not enough data is collected. > Competitors. Useful data can be obtained if you as a company are selling similar products. > Consultants. These are often not as useful as customers or the development team. > Literature. This will have a large range of views and if researched into properly, books, patents and trade information will produce some excellent ideas. Product development teams generate ideas by brainstorming which is a group exercise and mind mapping which is usually done individually. In developing a product, it requires up to one hundred ideas to find an idea which is really worth going for. To reduce the amount of ideas we have to only the good ideas we have to organise ideas into specific categories which may require more brainstorming. The more ideas are organised, the more we would be able to realise if they are strengths or weaknesses in organisations. Selection: What ideas are the most promising? From all the ideas we have generated, we only take very few good ideas to take forwards for production. To select these few good ideas to take forward we need a Screening Criteria which would select the best ideas. This selection process now would require scientific and engineering judgement. These are: o Safety – Make sure that the product (nylon) would be safe to produce and wear. o Low environmental impact – Make sure that nylon produced clothes and any by-products are not dangerous to the environment o Low cost – Make sure that the method of producing nylon is the cheapest with the highest return for money o Minimum risk – Make the manufacture of nylon economically feasible o Engineering ease – Make the manufacture of nylon technically feasible After the screening process and choosing the best ideas, we now need to do a risk assessment. This will identify and catalogue all risks of producing the product (nylon). Eliminating the risk will be the most important thing and then we can compare quantitatively the terms of the cost and time. Risk management also need to be put in place as to reduce risks or possible risks before proceeding, or accepting the risk and proceeding. This decision is based entirely upon management and the best option will be chosen for the organisation at that time. Manufacture: How can we make the product in commercial quantities? At this stage we are now ready to decide how to produce the product. We have the chemical product we need to manufacture; we have identified customer needs and generated enough ideas to fill this need. When considering the manufacturing process we need to take into account: o Raw materials o Demand for supply o Time taken for product to reach the market o Size of plant o Labour o Operating and capital costs of plant After the manufacturing costs of the product (nylon clothes), we need to consider the packaging. This should be: o Attractive o Waterproof to prevent water ruining the nylon After the packaging, we can finally sell the product. To get the product out onto the market we could: o Advertise in clothes shops o Advertise on TV After advertising, the product would have reached out to a far reaching population.

Candide and the Enlightenment

Conor Brown Western Civ. 9/17/11 Candide: A Reflection Harsh criticism abounds in the enlightened satire Candide by Voltaire. The author constantly goes against the popular flow and challenges the status quo of the Enlightenment. Nothing is off limits for Voltaire and topics stretch from love, class, warfare and even religion. In the ever-changing society of the Enlightened period many just believed in the teachings of the supposed leading philosophers of the time, but Voltaire challenged these ideas and brought about new and what he believed were logical ways of thinking.Even though the Enlightenment is constantly satirized in the book it is in its self a work of the Enlightenment. Which is very ironic but true nonetheless. However, through these harsh criticisms Voltaire presents his work in an extremely humorous and approachable way. Perhaps the best example of how the Enlightenment is satirized is Voltaire’s view of optimism. One of the movements most regarded philosophers was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He founded this idea of supreme optimism. His theory was that since God is a benevolent deity all is good in the world no matter what happens.In other words everything happens for a reason, but that reason is always a good one. Voltaire saw it otherwise and gave multiple examples to back his defense. The first example revolves around Candide’s teacher Pangloss who is a supreme believer in the optimistic teachings of Leibniz. Pangloss had gone missing for a while but Candide soon finds him as a beggar with many sores all over his body. Pangloss explains that he had contracted syphilis from a servant in the Baron’s mansion. Now, usually any terrible disease is a bad thing but in Pangloss’ mind it is a good thing.He explains to Candide that syphilis comes from Columbus’ discovery of the New World and says that without it Europe would have never been able to benefit from the new discoveries made there. For example without syphi lis the Europeans would have never had the privilege of enjoining chocolate. That definitely seems extremely far-fetched that in order for someone to enjoying chocolate millions needed to suffer from syphilis. Voltaire’s satirizing is clearly evident in this example. Another example of optimism is the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.This was one of the worst tragedies of the time and over 30,000 people were killed during it. Even Jacques, a faithful friend to Candide, dies drowning while trying to save a bad sailor. How the heck could this be thought as a good thing? Well Pangloss reveals that it is for the best because the Lisbon harbor was constructed in order for Jacques to die and even though the harbor and thousands or people suffered it was completely necessary. This is totally ridiculous and not realistic. These exaggerations of optimism are meant to be unrealistic simply to bring about how flawed Voltaire sees the views are.Personally to me optimism is a good trait to have in certain situations. When 30,000 thousand people must suffer or millions must contact syphilis in order to get a piece of chocolate optimism does not seem like a logical term. Optimism is good to help people get through tough times but it should not be the sole reason for why things occur. I do believe that everything does happen for a reason but I also believe that not everything occurs for a good reason. Sometimes things just happen because that is what God intended but it will not always lead to something good.The Enlightened leaders did present some good ideas in optimism beliefs but they were not all true. There are quite a few elements in Candide that show Voltaire’s criticism on society. Class and order is visited frequently through out the book. There is this belief of how class and order are the only things that matter in life and that’s how one can get far in life. Frequently individuals and families in seats of authority abuse their power by hurting and mi streating servants and slaves. Voltaire presents these characters as ruthless idiots who care nothing about the subjects they rule over but only look out for themselves.At this time in history the servant and master relationship was still alive and well. Voltaire criticizes this view by showing how corrupt and distraught this system really is. Voltaire harshly criticizes warfare. Candide shows us how he hates warfare and believes it to be futile and wasteful. He is forced into the army and is beaten for reasons he cannot explain. Women are also raped and beaten badly. Candide finds all of this so bad that he escapes from the army. Voltaire is providing an anti-war view that seems very logical.Excess war is not good and most times war is not good because of how people go about it. Voltaire has very strong beliefs concerning this and he shows it through his character Candide. Voltaire also criticizes religion quite often. Whether it is by mocking a faith or showing the true side of an accepted belief. When Candide enters Holland and refuses to call the Pope the antichrist a group of Protestants calls him a heretic and pours waste on him. An Anabaptist named Jacques comes over and helps Candide by cleaning him and giving him some food.The Anabaptist helps again by trying to save a sailor who has fallen off the ship during the earthquake. Jacques’ only reward for helping others is his own death by drowning. Voltaire shows how society hates a man just because his religion is different even when the man is nothing but good to others. The Protestants are accepted by society even though they are frequently mean and intolerant of others religious beliefs. A harsh but true criticism is explored here. Several punches are thrown at Catholicism throughout the book.The clergy of the Church especially gets the worst of it. When in Lisbon an old woman takes care of Candide after he is flogged. They share stories and she casually states how she is the daughter of Pope U rban X and the Princess of Palestrina. The supposed corruption of the Catholic Church was revealed here in order to show how the Catholics were being ruled by a liar who was suppose to be celibate. A serious problem for a religion considering their leader is a fraud. Society is asked how can you truly believe in your religion when your leader does not even believe?Another huge criticism of religion and society in general is when Candide visits the mythical city of El Dorado. Voltaire paints this utopian society that criticizes the modern day beliefs of religion and tries to show the ideal religion in El Dorado. Here is a place where they believe that God has created everything and simply then left it alone, providing a Deist approach. The real kicker that Voltaire throws in is how the inhabitants of El Dorado constantly thank God but they do not attend mass and there are even no priests.Voltaire believes that priests are unnecessary and often get in the way and a much simpler approa ch to religion should be thought of in Europe. Even in this paradise of great religion Candide leaves to find his love and become happier. Which shows that Voltaire believes that society is never completely happy and always wants more even when they are in paradise. Candide has many humorous moments through out but some of my favorite revolve around the over exaggerations in order to criticize. Each approach to optimism is funny because of how wildly outrageous it is.The fact that someone could believe that syphilis was a good thing because it brought about chocolate or that 30,000 people dying was necessary are so outrageous that it is hard not to chuckle even just the slightest. I also find the names of all the things very humorous. The term metaphysico-theologico-cosmoloonigology is very funny and also pokes fun at how the philosophers of the time considered themselves to be very sophisticated and extreme intellectuals. The name of the area where Candide is from, Thunder-Ten-Tron ckh, is also quite humorous and might be used to show how the Baron thought he was extremely powerful.The humor provided a very approachable way to talking about very touchy topics at the time while still stating Voltaire’s mind as well as making fun of people along the way. Regardless of Voltaire making fun of the ideals of the Enlightened period, Candide is still a book of Enlightened values. The Age of Enlightenment is also often referred to as the Age of Reason. The philosophers and intellectuals of the time were just simply trying to give reasonable explanations to numerous topics and mysteries. In reality that is all Voltaire was trying to do as well.He was providing a critique to the intellectual beliefs and reasons and he himself was providing his own reasoning through this book. By showing his own paradise and criticizing the religion of the time he was trying to provide a reasonable approach to society’s view on religious beliefs. He was also reasonable expla ining how ridiculous the idea of optimism really was. Voltaire was of the Enlightened age and he himself was trying to reason. Sure he did it through some bold and unorthodox ways but all he was trying to do was enlighten the reader and explain how he viewed the great mysteries and beliefs of the world.